Review of Cornell Operations Research Phd Vs Other Programs
OR&IE: Scientific Management for the Data Age
Cornell was a pioneer in industrial technology education – it was amid the first universities to offer courses in IE more than than 100 years ago, and awarded the starting time Ph.D. in IE in 1933 – and the current Schoolhouse of OR&IE traces its roots to the ancestry of industrial technology. There have been vast changes in both the areas of application and the methodological tools, only even in the early twentieth century, when industrial applied science unsaid noisy workplaces filled with heavy machinery, Cornell graduates didn't await to stay on the factory floor for long. They rolled up their sleeves, learned to lookout their fingers, and looked for opportunities to make the organization work meliorate for all concerned. That tin-do arroyo and the futurity-oriented training to match has been the hallmark of industrial technology at Cornell, although the name of the program and its content have changed and evolved along the way.
Dexter Kimball, Machinist and Educator
The first courses in industrial engineering were taught in Cornell'due south Sibley College of the Mechanic Arts by Dexter Kimball, who later became the first dean of the newly consolidated College of Engineering in 1920.
Kimball was 20-viii years old and a fantabulous machinist at San Francisco'south Marriage Fe Works when he quit his task and enrolled in the recently opened (1891) Stanford University. At start, the Stanford freshman felt he had "fabricated a keen mistake in wasting those years working in shops." Subsequently he came to recognize that shop work was an essential part of his education.
In 1904 Kimball, so a full professor in Sibley College, put together a new grade he intended to call "Economics of Product." When his dean objected that this was "besides high-brow," Kimball inverse the name to "Works Assistants" – and taught about the economics of production for the first fourth dimension at an American academy. In 1913, Kimball turned his lectures from "Works Assistants" into the textbook, Principles of Industrial Organization.
Andrew Schultz, Jr., Cornell to Colonel and Back
In 1914 the Sibley College created a Department of Industrial Engineering, and, a year later, introduced an pick in Industrial Engineering for seniors. In 1931, 11 years afterward Sibley College was absorbed into the consolidated Higher of Engineering as the Sibley Schoolhouse of Mechanical Technology, a Bachelor of Science in Administrative Applied science curriculum was introduced in both Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering. In 1935, Ceremonious Technology followed suit. For the time being, the title "Administrative Engineering" had replaced "Industrial Engineering," simply the titles were roughly synonymous. The Administrative Engineering curriculum in Mechanical Engineering had been created by a professor named Johnny R. Bangs, Jr., who was hired out of his Ph.D. studies past Dean Kimball.
In Apr 1933, industrial technology pioneer Lillian Gilbreth (whose large family unit was subsequently the discipline of the book and film "Cheaper by the Dozen") visited Cornell to address the National Conference of the Intercollegiate Association of Women Students. She said that "The higher woman'due south chief responsibility is to hold to her behavior, and make others believe that educated women are of use in the customs." Dean Kimball besides spoke to the conference. Gilbreth visited Cornell on several occasions over the years - ORIE Ph.D. alumnus Linus Schrage recalls that in the early on 1960s, when she was in her eighties, Gilbreth spoke to ORIE students.
In 1936, Kimball'due south last year equally Dean, one of the recipients of the B.S. in Administrative Engineering from the Sibley Schoolhouse was Andrew S. Schultz, Jr. Like Kimball, Schultz was to accept a profound impact on the development of Cornell'due south Engineering Higher, and, specially on the development of Operations Research as an academic field of study in the U.S. and as a strong academic unit at Cornell. Schultz received his Ph.D. at Cornell in 1941, and returned in 1946 as an assistant professor. Schultz served as head of the Department of Industrial Applied science and Administration from 1951 to 1963, when he became Dean of the Higher of Engineering science.
Betwixt the completion of his Ph.D. in 1941 and his appointment equally a faculty member in 1946, Schultz served in the U.S. Army equally chief of section in the Industrial Service, Ammunition Division, Office of the Principal of Ordinance. At that place, co-ordinate to an oral history he recorded, he "had the responsibility, ultimately, of maintaining liaison with a great many unlike people in analogous and scheduling the productive activities of many plants and arsenals." In the Army he rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.
By the time he returned to Cornell in 1946 to join the kinesthesia, Schultz had a firm appreciation of the potential of Industrial Engineering and OR. He saw the basically descriptive or qualitative discipline of industrial/administrative engineering science that he had studied being transformed into a powerful, more mathematical field. He also obtained an IBM "bill of fare programmer calculator" from the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, which had upgraded their equipment.
During WWII, Cornell's engineering faculty had adopted a five year curriculum, and Schultz was assigned to adjust the Mechanical Technology program from four to 5 years. In an oral history talk (Schultz 1991) he recalled that "one of the new aspects of it was the institution of a project, which could be either an individual or a grouping projection, but projects focused in some style on the pattern action of the engineer… we spent a lot of time designing industrial - real life industrial - on-site projects for our students. And as a upshot, when the kickoff form came into its fifth twelvemonth, which was in the year 1950-51. Why, nosotros had a plan already adopted and planned, and were able to start off with our first projects… anywhere from v to 20 projects, depending upon their size of the problems and the numbers of students participating in each."
Past 1965, Cornell Engineering had reverted to a four year undergraduate curriculum and awarded a Principal of Engineering (M.Eng.) degree for the optional project-oriented fifth year, initially intended for Cornell B.Due south. graduates only. Some of these students remained on campus for a sixth year, earning an MBA at Cornell'southward Johnson Graduate School of Business in just one year due to the skills they had acquired as engineering undergraduates. During the remainder of the century, the 1000.Eng. program drew an increasing pct of students with undergraduate degrees from elsewhere in the United states and overseas and from different fields such as electrical engineering, materials scientific discipline, and economics. Over fourth dimension, the program added concentrations in areas such equally manufacturing, strategic operations, fiscal engineering science, data technology, and data analytics.
After hiring new faculty in the Department of Industrial Engineering science and Assistants, Schultz recognized the need to encourage regime to modify its goals towards manufacturing and to gain support from the government. In his oral history, Schultz recalled loading upward his car with five other faculty members and driving to Washington, DC, where the six had 2 connecting rooms, three beds in each. He had made appointments in various bureaus, including the Naval Research Office and the National Science Foundation, and promoted support for engineering science. "Our faculty had learned the mode," he said, "and subsequently we began to derive some benefits from this type of proselytization," he said.
The Introduction of Computers, and The Emergence of Operations Research
In 1953 Schultz took his first sabbatical in Chevy Chase, MD at the Operations Research Office of The Johns Hopkins University (ORO). In that location he was exposed to the most modernistic computers bachelor at that time, and realized that they "fabricated possible simulation of the various systems" involved in manufacturing. As a result, Schultz was instrumental in bringing the first computer to Cornell, and he continued to promote computers as vital tools in enquiry and pedagogy. (In 1965, equally Dean of Engineering, Schultz oversaw creation of the Department of Computer science, the first Cornell section to exist office of both Engineering and Arts and Sciences.) The post-obit year, Cornell hosted a symposium to ascertain criteria for education in operations research, attended by many pioneers in Industrial Engineering and Operations Inquiry, including Ellis A. Johnson, head of ORO.
With the consolidation in the 1950s of Cornell Engineering to a new quadrangle on the south side of campus, ORIE's predecessor units moved to Upson Hall, built in 1956. The buildings around this quadrangle were clad with thick ceramic tile, each in a dissimilar color. Upson's tile was yellow, a color that was preserved in 2015 when the entire building was stripped bare, completely renovated, and reclad in gray terra cotta with a vertical xanthous stripe forth some of the windows as credible homage to the original pattern. Most of ORIE had relocated to the next Rhodes Hall when it was built in 1990, with the balance moving in that location early in the 21st century.
Until 1961, industrial engineering science (and its namesakes) existed first every bit a curricular pick merely, then as a smaller unit of measurement inside Mechanical Engineering. A carve up Department of Industrial Engineering and Administration – along with a graduate field called Industrial Engineering and Operations Research – was formed in 1961. This was the offset appearance of "operations enquiry" in the name of a unit or graduate field at Cornell, although courses in OR had been offered since 1955.
The Section of Industrial Applied science and Operations Research, created in 1965, was reconstituted every bit two organizational units in 1967: the Department of Operations Enquiry under Robert Bechhofer and the School of Industrial Engineering and Operations Research under Byron Saunders. Bechhofer wrote at the time that, as was the example elsewhere in the College of Engineering, the designation of "department" represented groupings of individuals with shared research interests and facilitated M.Southward. and Ph.D. studies, while "schoolhouse" represented groupings of individuals with similar professional interests and facilitated undergraduate and professional masters degree studies. With some exceptions, both designations applied to the same torso of individuals. Post-obit the election of Saunders as Dean of Cornell'due south faculty, in 1975 the ii units came back together every bit the School of Operations Inquiry and Industrial Engineering science under Bechhofer. The permutation of the names reflected the clout of the more than mathematical OR aspects of the curriculum. As a side result, the acronym became a more than pronounceable "ORIE". Over time, the stardom between "school" and "section" in Cornell Applied science has faded, with some units employing one designation and some the other.
During the early 1950s, as head of the Department of Industrial Technology and Administration, Schultz had taken several important steps that accelerated Cornell's delivery and contributions to OR. He added two new faculty members, Robert Bechhofer and Lionel Weiss, who were trained as mathematical statisticians. They played primal roles in making applications of statistics part of the core of OR and in leading the school beyond traditional industrial technology to a broader discipline, more sophisticated mathematically, and better suited to the quickly evolving needs of manufacture. With others, they also established a more scholarly direction to the Section, regularly publishing journal manufactures (by contrast, Schultz had published only i journal article, coauthored with his Ph.D. student, Richard West. Conway).
By the end of the 1950s, Schultz had also identified two immature Cornell Ph.D.'s, Conway, and Conway'due south Ph.D. student William Maxwell, who would lead a transformation to the new era uniting computing with a mathematically rigorous approach to solving production planning problems . Equally a PhD student, Conway had learned of early work on simulation at UCLA by Jim Jackson and, during a summer at General Electrical, past later Nobel Economics laureate Harry Markowitz. Later, every bit a professor, Conway spent a sabbatical at Rand, where Markowitz had adult the SimScript simulation language. Conway saw that production planning problems that could not be solved analytically were susceptible to existence dealt with computationally using simulation methods. He and later Maxwell did experiments on applying simulation to product planning problems, and described the major lessons they had learned most the process of simulation itself in seminal publications. Simulation became a significant component of the OR&IE curriculum subsequently Maxwell, in 1961, developed and taught what may have been the beginning academic course in the subject.
In the 1980s Conway and Maxwell developed the XCELL Factory Modeling Organisation, a commercial simulation program that made audio scheduling approaches attainable to factory operations managers through the use of computer graphics. They also developed estimator languages and compilers, notably PL/C, which facilitated use of computing in educational activity and inquiry by automatically eliminating mutual programming errors that in the days of batch-based computing had resulted in the need to correct and resubmit punched card decks over several days.
The 1967 book, Theory of Scheduling, by Conway, Maxwell and Louis Miller is regarded to be a landmark in the timeline of Operations Inquiry (and was and so named by INFORMS). It placed on a formal foundation the written report of the entire area of production scheduling. Conway and Maxwell both taught at Cornell for almost forty years. Conway was one of the founding members of the Information science Department; Maxwell spent his unabridged academic career in OR, and was the showtime Andrew Schultz, Jr. Professor of Industrial Engineering science. Their roles in the development of OR over several decades at Cornell plant a metaphor for the development of the field of OR in general, and the Cornell program in detail.
When they kickoff joined the faculty, Conway and Maxwell must have appeared to many of the incumbent IE faculty to be wild-eyed young theoreticians. They were developing notation, nomenclature and theory for a broad, abstruse course of optimization problems; they certainly were not at the center of 1950s IE. Long before they retired from the faculty, Conway and Maxwell were viewed, correctly, equally among the faculty most focused on applications, which had always driven their theoretical piece of work, rather than theory. They accomplished tremendous success in moving the field – what had been theoretical, relative to the prevailing norms early in their careers, became subsequently, in part due to their efforts, role of the practitioner'south tool kit.
Moving forward on diverse related fronts
Supply concatenation management represents a natural continuation of Conway and Maxwell's product planning activities, but it extends beyond the manufacturing and distribution activities of a single organisation to the flow of products, data, and money through the entire supply chain, including corporate partners. John A. (Jack) Muckstadt led the development of supply chain management research and teaching in ORIE. Every bit heir to the tradition that began with Kimball, Bangs, Schultz, Conway and Maxwell, Muckstadt, with Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Professors K. One thousand. Wang and Albert George, established the Cornell Manufacturing Engineering and Productivity Program, and was its outset director.
Throughout the 1960s the curriculum and enquiry activities in OR continued to expand with the hiring of kinesthesia in applied probability, game theory, and optimization. Northward.U. (Uma) Prabhu joined the faculty in 1965. His 1965 book, Queues and Inventories, a Report of Their Basic Stochastic Processes, besides recognized by INFORMS as a major contribution to the evolution of OR, and his periodical publications brought unity to the treatment of a diversity of important applications and solidified the role of probabilistic models and methods in OR. Louis Billera and then William Lucas joined the faculty in the late 1960s, and made Cornell i of three world centers, along with Hebrew University in Jerusalem and Leningrad State University, for graduate study in game theory, the mathematical assay of conflict and cooperation. Many influential game theorists of the next generation studied at Cornell in the 1970s and 1980s.
By the 1970s, OR at Cornell had hired several faculty in optimization, including Michael Todd and George Nemhauser, who served as Director from 1977 to 1983. In 1971, D.R. Fulkerson left the RAND Corporation to join the Cornell faculty. Fulkerson was already a legendary figure for his inquiry in network flows and in big-scale optimization. Prior to his arrival at Cornell Fulkerson's joint piece of work with L.R. Ford, Jr., on the theory of network flows had an enormous affect on the practice of OR, as did his co-authored work that introduced several of the cornerstones of big-scale optimization: cutting planes and co-operative-and-bound (in piece of work on the traveling salesman trouble with George Dantzig and Selmer Johnson); column generation (with Ford); and the cardinal-dual method (with Dantzig and Ford). These contributions were considered among the about of import in the field at that time. Over the decades that have passed since, they have become even more important in the practical application of large-calibration optimization in industry. Fulkerson's decease in 1976 was a painful blow for Cornell and for the OR community worldwide. Nevertheless, in his five years at Cornell he set up a standard for excellence that continues to serve well. Since Ray Fulkerson's arrival in 1971, OR&IE has had a leadership role in optimization.
The Cornell OR community has encompassed researchers and practitioners in a multifariousness of academic disciplines. Jack Kiefer and Jacob Wolfowitz, who with Aryeh Dvoretsky wrote seminal 1952 theoretical papers on inventory theory and taught statistics from a determination-theoretic point of view, were in Mathematics. They "were central figures in a whirl of mathematical statistics activity at Cornell," according to an extensive history of statistics at Cornell by Booth and Wells (2013), statistical activity that included ORIE professors Bechhofer, Weiss, Prabhu, Donald Iglehart and Howard Taylor. Civil and Ecology Technology kinesthesia allied with ORIE included Walter Lynn (who wrote his PhD thesis under the guidance of Abraham Charnes) and Christine Shoemaker (a student of Richard Bellman), both involved with applications of Operations Research to environmental problems, also as Charles ReVelle and Edelman Laureate Mark Turnquist.
Graduate report at Cornell is organized into fields, each composed of faculty from a number of departments who share an intellectual interest. The field of OR has included faculty not only in ORIE, CEE and Mathematics, merely in Electrical and Computer Engineering, Statistical Science, Computer Science, Information Science, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and the Graduate School of Management.
Fiscal applied science, a vigorous new area for application of OR methods, is a specialty of applied probabilists who have played a major function in Ithaca and at OR&IE'due south Cornell Fiscal Engineering Manhattan (CFEM) part, which is an outpost to the financial community. The Primary of Engineering fiscal engineering concentration began in Ithaca as a collaboration between the OR&IE and the Johnson Graduate Schoolhouse of Management (JGSM), spearheaded by practical probabilist David Heath of OR&IE and Robert Jarrow of JGSM. According to Muckstadt, who served as director from 1987 to 1996, it was the first of its kind in a U.s. technology or mathematics department, and has had a significant bear upon on ORIE and on the field of operations research.
In 2006, the School's proper name became Operations Research and Information Technology, preserving the OR&IE (or ORIE) acronym. The modify was the result of an information revolution that has dramatically broadened the impact of OR. Information engineering, the process of transforming data into useful information, has e'er played a central function in OR, but the rapidly increasing scope and scale of bachelor data challenges usa to better understand this procedure. The role of information is farther highlighted by the transformation of the United states of america economic system from one based primarily on manufacturing to one oriented towards service industries, where data itself is often a key commodity. The names of courses recently introduced in OR&IE – "Acquirement Management", "Statistical Data Mining", "Learning With Large Messy Data", "Bayesian Auto Learning", "Service Organization Modeling and Design", "The Blueprint of Online Marketplaces", and "Delivering OR Solutions with Data Technology" – reveal how the School'south mission is expanding in this direction.
During more than half a century, ORIE graduates with BS, K.Eng., MS and PhD degrees have attained positions of worldwide prominence in manufacture, academia, government, and the war machine.
Geographic Expansion
With the departure from Cornell in 2006 of Computer Science Professor Thomas Coleman equally founder and Director of the Cornell Theory Centre (CTC), the Manhattan CTC offices became available to OR&IE. The offices, a block from the New York Stock Substitution, had been the basis for activities in computational finance, and subsequently became a major facility for the financial engineering M.Eng. plan every bit Cornell Financial Technology Manhattan (CFEM). 1000.Eng. students movement to Manhattan after ii semesters in Ithaca, practice summer internships and carry out projects for financial services firms during a third semester. Some continue at CFEM with a fourth semester devoted to Financial Data Science.
In 2011, Cornell won a worldwide competition amongst leading universities to expand applied sciences in New York City past establishing a new campus, Cornell Tech, on state donated by the city on Roosevelt Island in Manhattan. OR&IE was one of four technical departments that were part of the original plan, and Professor David Shmoys led one of the planning groups formulating the winning design for the campus. Cornell Tech'due south mission is to focus on graduate pedagogy, and is committed to a different academic approach, one that emphasizes solving applied problems and starting new businesses, using a layered set of student projects that are integrated across the various technology and business units at Cornell Tech. OR&IE joined other Ithaca units in undertaking Masters programs fifty-fifty before construction of the new campus, using facilities in the Chelsea commune of Manhattan.
The inaugural form in OR&IE's new Master of Technology program at Cornell Tech matriculated in the fall of 2016, condign the first engineering science program launched at Cornell Tech. In 2017 ORIE's Cornell Tech Master of Technology programme, also every bit CFEM, moved to the Roosevelt Isle campus, opening a new era in a long and distinguished history.
-Mark Eisner (directly incorporating substantial material from essays with the same championship by OR&IE Professor Robert Banal (unpublished) and by Altschuler, Cain and Kline (2009))
Image Gallery and Slideshow
Source: https://www.informs.org/Explore/History-of-O.R.-Excellence/Academic-Institutions/Cornell-University
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